This vignette provides a brief
introduction of the Autocorrelated Bayesian Sampler (ABS; Zhu et al. (2024)) and the R
scripts for running simulations of ABS using samplr
package.
ABS is a sequential sampling model that assumes individuals draw autocorrelated samples from their memory of hypotheses based on their posterior beliefs, which is called “posterior of hypotheses”. These samples are subsequently integrated to perform various tasks: ABS is capable of generating estimates, confidence intervals, and response times for estimation tasks, as well as choices, confidence judgments, and response times for two-alternative force choice (2AFC) tasks. Notably, ABS employs different stopping rules depending on the type of tasks. In this vignette, we will outline the process of simulating ABS under both stopping rules. In addition, although ABS assume a normal distribution for the posterior of hypotheses, our package allows users to use custom distributions, which will also illustrated in this vignette.
The fixed stopping rule means that a fixed number of samples are drawn to complete the tasks such as estimations and confidence intervals. This rule applies to tasks such as estimation tasks.
Estimation tasks involve participants providing estimates, such as the number of stimuli (e.g., dots) on a screen or offering confidence intervals of that counts at a specified level.
In this vignette, we will begin by generating several random numbers to represent the stimuli counts. We will assume the estimation task consists of 10 trials, wherein participants are tasked with estimating the number of dots displayed on the screen in each trial.
require(samplr)
#> Loading required package: samplr
set.seed(123)
trial_stim <- sample(20:25, 10, replace=TRUE)
print(trial_stim)
#> [1] 22 25 22 21 21 25 22 24 23 25
ABS employs the [R6][R6::R6Class] object-oriented programming (OOP) system. Thus we need to construct a new object before running simulations. In the initialising step, we need to provide the values of the following arguments:
width
;n_chains
;nd_time
;s_nd_time
;lambda
.In this section, we employ the normal posterior distribution, which
requires specifying the values of distr_name
and
distr_params
. The distr_name
argument should
be set to “norm” to indicate the normal distribution. The
distr_params
argument specifies the standard deviation of
the normal distribution. This can be either a single numeric value,
indicating a fixed standard deviation across all trials, or a numeric
vector of the same length as the stimuli, specifying the standard
deviation for each trial. It is important to note that ABS assumes the
stimulus value is the mean of the normal distribution, thus there is no
need to specify the mean separately.
abs_model <- Zhu23ABS$new(
width = 1, n_chains = 3, nd_time = 0.3,
s_nd_time = 0.2, lambda = 10, distr_name = 'norm', distr_params = 1
)
The simulation process is conducted using the simulate
function, which requires two arguments: stopping_rule
and
start_point
. Based on the assumptions of ABS, individuals
employ a fixed stopping rule for the estimation task, meaning a
predetermined number of samples are drawn. Therefore,
stopping_rule
is set to 'fixed'
.
The start_point
argument is set to NA
by
default, indicating that the starting point of the first trial for each
MC3 chain is randomly selected from the posterior of hypotheses, and the
starting points of subsequent trials for each chain are set to the last
sample of the same chain in the previous trial. Alternatively, users
have the option to specify starting points for each trial, ensuring that
the length of starting points matches the length of
trial_stim
. It is important to note that when specified,
all chains share the same starting point in each trial, and it will
break the dependency of samples between adjacent trials.
To demonstrate the usage of start_point
, we will run the
simulation twice: once with the default settings and again with
specified starting points.
Additionally, when stopping_rule = 'fixed'
, two further
arguments are required:
n_sample
;trial_stim
;The results of the simulate
method save in the field
sim_results
. Users can get access to the results by running
abs_model$sim_results
. It is important to note that ABS
assumes the response time for each trial follows an Erlang distribution,
with the shape parameter equal to the length of the samples that is
determined by n_sample
and the rate parameter
lambda
has been specified above. The response time value
provided in the table is a random number drawn from the Erlang
distribution.
The table below presents the simulation results, displaying only the
samples from the cold chain of the MC3 sampler in the
samples
column. These samples will be used for generating
the responses of ABS. With the default setting of
start_point = NA
, the starting point of the first trial was
randomly drawn from the normal distribution N(22, 1)
. From
the second trial, the starting point was set to the last point of the
previous trial. For instance, the starting point of the second trial was
23.19899 in this simulation. It is important to note that when
start_point = NA
, only the starting point of the first
trial was included in the samples of ABS. The starting points of
subsequent trials served merely as initializers for the sampler and were
excluded from the ABS samples.
trial | samples | stimulus | rt | point_est |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 22.46092, 21.19585, 23.16227, 23.07685, 23.19899 | 22 | 0.6962331 | 23.19899 |
2 | 22.81852, 22.94063, 24.40037, 24.06716, 23.57613 | 25 | 0.5775903 | 23.57613 |
3 | 22.02688, 21.93149, 22.02688, 22.06456, 21.75045 | 22 | 0.8583808 | 21.75045 |
4 | 21.21486, 21.34514, 21.53813, 21.27593, 21.27593 | 21 | 0.8593033 | 21.27593 |
5 | 21.83892, 20.57877, 20.56013, 20.27643, 20.27643 | 21 | 0.8591766 | 20.27643 |
6 | 21.03049, 21.03049, 21.03049, 20.56761, 20.56761 | 25 | 0.6687111 | 20.56761 |
7 | 20.56761, 21.79455, 21.05602, 21.59945, 21.59945 | 22 | 0.7996729 | 21.59945 |
8 | 22.63067, 22.63067, 22.63067, 23.84692, 23.84692 | 24 | 0.8465396 | 23.84692 |
9 | 22.77392, 22.77392, 21.72141, 22.47818, 22.47818 | 23 | 1.026247 | 22.47818 |
10 | 22.47818, 22.47818, 22.47818, 24.14924, 24.35889 | 25 | 0.7949772 | 24.35889 |
In the upcoming simulations, we will run the simulation with
specified start_point
. To proceed, let us generate some
starting points for the simulation.
start_point <- runif(length(trial_stim), 20, 25)
print(start_point)
#> [1] 23.15387 22.60421 23.29811 23.64680 22.43411 21.92228 20.03417 20.01842
#> [9] 24.97468 20.53943
It is worth noticing that before rerunning the simulation, users
should either create a new object or reset the sim_results
using the reset_sim_results
method.
abs_model$reset_sim_results()
abs_model$simulate(stopping_rule = 'fixed',
start_point = start_point,
n_sample = 5,
trial_stim = trial_stim)
The following table shows the simulation results with specified
starting points. We notice that the first sample of each trial follows
the order of start_point
and is included in the samples of
ABS.
trial | samples | stimulus | rt | point_est |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 23.15387, 22.94857, 23.32674, 22.86275, 22.84844 | 22 | 0.9391273 | 22.84844 |
2 | 22.60421, 23.98278, 23.16726, 23.83018, 24.05747 | 25 | 0.960213 | 24.05747 |
3 | 23.29811, 23.29811, 23.25266, 21.96929, 22.97895 | 22 | 0.8303294 | 22.97895 |
4 | 23.64680, 23.64680, 20.38653, 20.90503, 20.90503 | 21 | 0.843562 | 20.90503 |
5 | 22.43411, 22.43411, 23.02500, 22.82066, 22.82066 | 21 | 0.7319466 | 22.82066 |
6 | 21.92228, 22.28465, 22.17285, 23.14012, 24.37679 | 25 | 0.7435707 | 24.37679 |
7 | 20.03417, 20.16216, 20.61667, 20.93413, 21.34805 | 22 | 0.6252088 | 21.34805 |
8 | 20.01842, 20.01842, 19.95175, 19.91607, 21.29672 | 24 | 0.7063606 | 21.29672 |
9 | 24.97468, 23.03316, 22.99983, 22.99983, 22.99983 | 23 | 0.5919077 | 22.99983 |
10 | 20.53943, 20.53943, 22.07215, 22.38586, 22.43730 | 25 | 0.5465358 | 22.43730 |
In addition to performing point estimation, ABS can also simulate
confidence interval estimation by the confidence_interval
method.
The following table shows the interval estimation on the level of
0.5. conf_interval_l
and conf_interval_u
represent the lower and the upper bounds.
trial | samples | stimulus | rt | point_est | conf_interval_l | conf_interval_u |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 23.15387, 22.94857, 23.32674, 22.86275, 22.84844 | 22 | 0.9391273 | 22.84844 | 22.86275 | 23.15387 |
2 | 22.60421, 23.98278, 23.16726, 23.83018, 24.05747 | 25 | 0.960213 | 24.05747 | 23.16726 | 23.98278 |
3 | 23.29811, 23.29811, 23.25266, 21.96929, 22.97895 | 22 | 0.8303294 | 22.97895 | 22.97895 | 23.29811 |
4 | 23.64680, 23.64680, 20.38653, 20.90503, 20.90503 | 21 | 0.843562 | 20.90503 | 20.90503 | 23.64680 |
5 | 22.43411, 22.43411, 23.02500, 22.82066, 22.82066 | 21 | 0.7319466 | 22.82066 | 22.43411 | 22.82066 |
6 | 21.92228, 22.28465, 22.17285, 23.14012, 24.37679 | 25 | 0.7435707 | 24.37679 | 22.17285 | 23.14012 |
7 | 20.03417, 20.16216, 20.61667, 20.93413, 21.34805 | 22 | 0.6252088 | 21.34805 | 20.16216 | 20.93413 |
8 | 20.01842, 20.01842, 19.95175, 19.91607, 21.29672 | 24 | 0.7063606 | 21.29672 | 19.95175 | 20.01842 |
9 | 24.97468, 23.03316, 22.99983, 22.99983, 22.99983 | 23 | 0.5919077 | 22.99983 | 22.99983 | 23.03316 |
10 | 20.53943, 20.53943, 22.07215, 22.38586, 22.43730 | 25 | 0.5465358 | 22.43730 | 20.53943 | 22.38586 |
An advantage of R6 is that it allows method chaining, which means that we can simulate the point and confidence interval estimation in one line of code.
abs_model$reset_sim_results()
abs_model$simulate(
stopping_rule = 'fixed',
n_sample = 5,
trial_stim = trial_stim,
start_point=start_point)$confidence_interval(0.5)
knitr::kable(abs_model$sim_results)
trial | samples | stimulus | rt | point_est | conf_interval_l | conf_interval_u |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 23.15387, 23.15387, 21.32755, 21.17221, 22.25114 | 22 | 0.7928794 | 22.25114 | 21.32755 | 23.15387 |
2 | 22.60421, 23.58632, 24.49342, 25.26377, 25.25655 | 25 | 0.9453281 | 25.25655 | 23.58632 | 25.25655 |
3 | 23.29811, 23.29811, 23.01077, 21.48146, 22.46782 | 22 | 0.9608318 | 22.46782 | 22.46782 | 23.29811 |
4 | 23.64680, 23.64680, 23.64680, 23.86076, 22.98811 | 21 | 1.022691 | 22.98811 | 23.64680 | 23.64680 |
5 | 22.43411, 21.75967, 21.57249, 20.92830, 20.56626 | 21 | 0.9489973 | 20.56626 | 20.92830 | 21.75967 |
6 | 21.92228, 23.13268, 24.05023, 23.89194, 22.83065 | 25 | 1.087054 | 22.83065 | 22.83065 | 23.89194 |
7 | 20.03417, 21.18261, 22.23694, 20.48587, 20.77174 | 22 | 1.15924 | 20.77174 | 20.48587 | 21.18261 |
8 | 20.01842, 20.41099, 20.70444, 20.39197, 21.92217 | 24 | 0.5480482 | 21.92217 | 20.39197 | 20.70444 |
9 | 24.97468, 24.97468, 24.96424, 24.19963, 23.86320 | 23 | 0.6626406 | 23.86320 | 24.19963 | 24.97468 |
10 | 20.53943, 20.97900, 20.93043, 24.20136, 24.15534 | 25 | 0.9091687 | 24.15534 | 20.93043 | 24.15534 |
In this section, we will illustrate how to employ custom distributions to ABS with a fixed stopping rule, using the same experimental scenario and the same stimuli. First, we specify our custom posterior function.
custom_post_func <- function(x){
if (x >= 19 & x < 22){
return(0.3)
} else if (x >= 22 & x < 24) {
return(0.6)
} else if (x >= 24 & x < 26) {
return(0.1)
} else {
return(0)
}
}
To employ a custom posterior of hypotheses, two special arguments are
required in the initialisation step: custom_distr
and
custom_start
. The custom_distr
argument
accepts a list of custom posterior functions, one for each trial,
matching the length of the stimuli. The custom_start
argument specifies the first starting point of the
Zhu23ABS sampler, i.e., the initial sample of the entire simulation.
It is important to distinguish custom_start
from
start_point
in the simulate()
function.
custom_start
is only necessary when providing a custom
posterior of hypotheses, whereas start_point
can be used
for both Gaussian and custom posteriors. custom_start
initializes the Zhu23ABS
sampler without breaking the
dependency of samples between trials. In contrast,
start_point
sets the starting point for each trial, thus
breaking the dependency between samples of adjacent trials.
Additionally, if users provide a vector of start_point
, a
value for custom_start
is still required as a placeholder
and will be overwritten by start_point
.
custom_func_list <- replicate(
length(trial_stim), custom_post_func, simplify = FALSE
)
abs_model <- Zhu23ABS$new(
width = 1, n_chains = 3, nd_time = 0.3,
s_nd_time = 0.2, lambda = 10,
custom_distr = custom_func_list, custom_start = 23
)
abs_model$simulate(
stopping_rule = 'fixed',
n_sample = 5,
trial_stim = trial_stim
)
The following table shows the simulation results with a custom
posterior. We notice that the first sample of the first trial equals to
the value of custom_start
.
trial | samples | stimulus | rt | point_est |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 23.00000, 21.65776, 24.54276, 23.28013, 21.58476 | 22 | 0.939751 | 21.58476 |
2 | 20.19480, 20.98478, 22.94399, 23.09041, 23.87754 | 25 | 0.7334943 | 23.87754 |
3 | 22.45328, 23.07457, 20.38108, 20.66667, 21.56507 | 22 | 1.064708 | 21.56507 |
4 | 25.33200, 19.58683, 19.06603, 20.86223, 20.86223 | 21 | 0.7530445 | 20.86223 |
5 | 25.98513, 23.84136, 24.07200, 19.73874, 20.51456 | 21 | 0.621633 | 20.51456 |
6 | 23.48351, 21.85166, 20.35451, 21.06815, 19.97855 | 25 | 0.5564545 | 19.97855 |
7 | 19.64951, 19.10088, 19.21834, 19.15238, 20.56728 | 22 | 1.020738 | 20.56728 |
8 | 19.99142, 20.41566, 20.41566, 19.60917, 22.16439 | 24 | 1.090832 | 22.16439 |
9 | 21.46472, 22.29925, 23.05005, 22.20548, 22.20548 | 23 | 0.6287007 | 22.20548 |
10 | 22.75063, 22.26817, 20.41036, 20.14076, 20.76399 | 25 | 0.6757852 | 20.76399 |
The relative stopping rule means that the model counts the difference in evidence between the two hypotheses, and terminates the sampling process whenever the accumulated difference exceeds a threshold. This rule applies to tasks such as 2AFC.
2AFC is a cognitive task that asks participants to make judgments between two alternatives. For instance, in the random dot motion (RDM) task, participants are presented with a screen where most dots move coherently in either the left or right direction, and they’re asked to perceive the correct direction.
ABS is able to describe and simulate this cognitive process.
Similarly, we will begin by randomly generating 10 directions from the
set c('left', 'right')
to represent the stimuli in the RDM
task.
In 2AFC, ABS employs a sampling process and converts the samples into
“evidence” supporting either the left or right responses. Specifically,
if the sample falls below the decision boundary, it supports the first
level in trial_stim
, which in our example is “left”;
otherwise, the sample will support the second level, which is “right”.
According to the assumptions of ABS, it employs a ‘relative’ stopping
rule: It counts the difference in evidence between the two responses,
and terminates the sampling process whenever the accumulated difference
exceeds a threshold.
To simulate the 2AFC of ABS, we need to initialize a new ABS model
and then use the simulate
method with
stopping_rule = 'relative'
. The posterior of hypotheses
will be normal distribution. The following arguments are required:
delta
;dec_bdry
;discrim
, which determine the mean
values of the distributions for the posterior of hypotheses. It is
analogous to the concept of “sensitivity” in signal detection theory,
representing the distance between the mean values of two distributions:
one for “left” stimuli and the other for “right” stimuli in 2AFC. Under
the assumption of ABS, these two distributions are symmetric around 0,
so their mean values are -discrim/2
and
discrim/2
, respectively.trial_stim
;prior_on_resp
, which determines
the prior preference for the stimuli. The default setting is
c(1, 1)
, representing an unbiased prior
Beta(1, 1)
. Users can modify this to reflect different
prior preferences.prior_depend
, which controls
whether the prior on responses changes based on the previous stimulus.
The default setting is TRUE
, which adjusts the prior by
adding 1 to the prior_on_resp
according to the previous
stimulus.max_iterations
,
which determines the maximum length of the MC3 sampler. The sampler will
stop when the length of the samples exceeds this value, even if the
samples have not met the relative stop rule. The default setting is
1000, suitable for most cases, but users can adjust it based on the
discriminability and the relative stopping rule.To demonstrate the usage of these arguments, we will also run the simulation twice: once with the default settings and again with some of the settings modified.
abs_model2 <- Zhu23ABS$new(
width=1, n_chains = 3, nd_time = 0.3, s_nd_time = 0.2,
lambda = 10, distr_name = 'norm', distr_params = 1
)
abs_model2$simulate(
stopping_rule = 'relative', delta = 4, dec_bdry = 0,
discrim = 1, trial_stim = trial_stim
)
The table below presents the simulation results, including the simulated response, response time, confidence, and point estimates. It is important to note that in the simulation of 2AFC, the length of the sample sequences may vary due to ABS utilizing a relative stopping rule. To illustrate its mechanism, let us examine the sequences in the first two trials as an example.
trial | samples | response | stimulus | accuracy | rt | confidence | point_est |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.4275131, 0.1622293, 0.3256617, 0.2739435 | right | right | 1 | 0.8842087 | 0.8333333 | 0.2739435 |
2 | -0.9458666, -1.9165161, -1.0475625, -1.4366053, -1.4366053 | left | left | 1 | 0.6003210 | 0.7500000 | -1.4366053 |
3 | -0.9621143, -0.9621143, -1.0762124 | left | left | 1 | 0.4214597 | 0.8333333 | -1.0762124 |
4 | -0.2486073, -0.2486073, -0.2486073 | left | right | 0 | 0.5587766 | 0.8333333 | -0.2486073 |
5 | 0.9018419, 1.6166903, 1.6817583 | right | right | 1 | 0.7195611 | 0.8333333 | 1.6817583 |
6 | 1.6817583, 1.9277007, -0.7676286, 2.3873046, 0.9870808 | right | right | 1 | 0.8551096 | 0.7500000 | 0.9870808 |
7 | 0.9870808, 0.9870808, 0.9870808 | right | right | 1 | 0.5159783 | 0.8333333 | 0.9870808 |
8 | -0.41717131, -0.70702914, 2.21601114, 1.39502444, 1.76113883, 1.76113883, -0.05608772, -1.00232885, -0.58802069, 0.52335972, 0.46143706, 0.52596694, 0.52596694 | right | right | 1 | 1.4518855 | 0.6250000 | 0.5259669 |
9 | 0.2868992, -0.9103864, -0.9103864, -0.9103864, -0.7006005, -0.9896238, -0.9896238 | left | left | 1 | 1.1940603 | 0.7000000 | -0.9896238 |
10 | -1.5721525, 0.7261261, 0.4822092, 0.4822092, -1.7215719, -1.7215719, -0.3113327, -0.2768050, -0.2768050 | left | left | 1 | 1.6029330 | 0.6666667 | -0.2768050 |
The prior on responses, set to c(1, 1)
, corresponds to
an unbiased Beta distribution Beta(1, 1)
. Let us consider
the first trial: the initial sample, 0.4275131, falls above the decision
boundary of 0, supporting “right”. Consequently, the posterior on
responses shifts to Beta(1, 2)
. With a relative difference
of 1 between the amounts of evidence supporting both stimuli, which is
lower than the relative stopping rule, the sampling process continues.
Subsequent samples are analysed similarly: the posterior adjusts
according to the samples until the relative difference meets the
stopping rule. In this case, the last sample supporting “right” results
in a posterior of Beta(1, 5)
, satisfying the stopping rule
and prompting ABS to return a “right” response.
With the prior_depend=TRUE
argument, the prior on
responses for the second trial depends on the stimulus of the first
trial. Given that “right” was the correct response in the first trial,
the prior on responses for the second trial is Beta(1, 2)
.
Since no starting points are provided, ABS began with 0.2739435, the
last sample of the first trial, but this sample is excluded from the
samples and from the calculation of the posterior on responses. The
process then proceeds similarly to the first trial. In this instance,
after eight samples in total, the posterior reaches
Beta(6, 2)
, satisfying the stopping rule and resulting in a
“left” response.
It is important to clarify two points. Firstly, the prior on
responses is not accumulated when prior_depend=TRUE
. In the
example above, the prior on responses for the third trial is
Beta(2, 1)
rather than Beta(2, 2)
. Secondly,
it’s crucial to distinguish the starting points of ABS from those in the
drift diffusion model (DDM; Ratcliff
(1978), Ratcliff & McKoon
(2008)). The bias of the starting points in ABS is independent
from the bias of the responses, which is captured by the prior on
responses.
In the upcoming simulations, we will run the simulation again with
two arguments changed: start_point
and
prior_depend
. To proceed, let us generate some starting
points for the simulation.
start_point <- runif(length(trial_stim), -3, 3)
print(start_point)
#> [1] 2.49825567 -2.57474596 1.86057651 -0.08457317 -1.16859165 0.70724300
#> [7] -1.08447977 0.91402088 2.49508984 0.41447419
Next, we will put these starting points into the ABS model and rerun
the simulation. It is worth noting that in this simulation, the starting
point of each trial precisely matches what we provided, and all starting
points are included in the calculation of the posterior of responses.
Additionally, it is important to observe that the prior on responses
resets to Beta(1, 1)
at the start of every trial.
abs_model2$reset_sim_results()
abs_model2$simulate(
stopping_rule = 'relative', delta = 4, dec_bdry = 0,
discrim = 1, trial_stim = trial_stim, start_point = start_point,
prior_depend = FALSE
)
knitr::kable(abs_model2$sim_results)
trial | samples | response | stimulus | accuracy | rt | confidence | point_est |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.498256, 2.498256, 2.498256, 4.653175 | right | right | 1 | 0.5254800 | 0.8333333 | 4.6531752 |
2 | -2.574746, -1.481331, -1.887003, -2.847988 | left | left | 1 | 0.5513093 | 0.8333333 | -2.8479882 |
3 | 1.8605765, 0.8811842, 0.6171134, 0.0614605 | right | left | 0 | 0.7555300 | 0.8333333 | 0.0614605 |
4 | -0.08457317, 0.25636442, 0.69083272, -0.97940277, 0.96035322, 1.21691271, 1.21691271, 0.59006379 | right | right | 1 | 1.1302366 | 0.7000000 | 0.5900638 |
5 | -1.1685916, -0.9746845, -1.2742347, -0.3545086 | left | right | 0 | 0.9798226 | 0.8333333 | -0.3545086 |
6 | 0.7072430, 0.7072430, 0.6659027, 1.1382033 | right | right | 1 | 0.5360159 | 0.8333333 | 1.1382033 |
7 | -1.08447977, -0.29601230, 0.93947644, -0.06303025, -1.35547336, -1.35547336 | left | right | 0 | 0.7949616 | 0.7500000 | -1.3554734 |
8 | 0.9140209, 0.9140209, 0.9140209, 0.9140209 | right | right | 1 | 0.9697987 | 0.8333333 | 0.9140209 |
9 | 2.495090, 2.400942, 2.569325, 2.569325 | right | left | 0 | 0.9800438 | 0.8333333 | 2.5693248 |
10 | 0.4144742, -0.4003186, 0.9795133, -0.7381408, -0.7385936, -0.7385936, 2.2072473, -2.5076334, -2.5076334, -2.5076334 | left | left | 1 | 1.6487114 | 0.6666667 | -2.5076334 |
In this section, we will illustrate how to employ custom distributions to ABS with a relative stopping rule, using the RDM task with the same stimuli. First, we specify two custom posterior functions for the “left” and “right” stimuli, and create a list of the custom posterior function according to the stimuli.
custom_post_left <- function(x){
if (x >= -3 & x < -1){
return(0.25 * x + 0.75)
} else if (x >= -1 & x < 0) {
return(-0.25 * x + 0.25)
} else {
return (0)
}
}
custom_post_right <- function(x){
if (x >= -1 & x < 1){
return(0.25 * x + 0.25)
} else if (x >= 1 & x < 3) {
return(-0.25 * x + 0.75)
} else {
return (0)
}
}
custom_func_list <- lapply(trial_stim, function(stim) ifelse(stim=='left', custom_post_left, custom_post_right))
Then, we initialise a Zhu23ABS
object with a list of
custom_func_list
and a value of
custom_start
.
abs_model2 <- Zhu23ABS$new(
width=1, n_chains = 3, nd_time = 0.3, s_nd_time = 0.2,
lambda = 10, custom_distr = custom_func_list, custom_start = -0.1
)
abs_model2$simulate(
stopping_rule = 'relative', delta = 4, dec_bdry = 0,
discrim = 1, trial_stim = trial_stim
)
The following table shows the simulation results with a custom
posterior. We notice that the first sample of the first trial equals to
the value of custom_start
.
trial | samples | response | stimulus | accuracy | rt | confidence | point_est |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | -0.1000000, -0.1000000, 1.1016574, -0.4119108, 0.4092011, 0.1937227, 0.1727152, 0.7248535, 1.5414128, 1.4869701 | right | right | 1 | 1.3962562 | 0.6666667 | 1.4869701 |
2 | 1.48697, 1.48697, 1.48697 | right | left | 0 | 0.7224212 | 0.8333333 | 1.4869701 |
3 | 1.48697011, -0.06471386, -0.06471386, -0.06471386, -0.99778854 | left | left | 1 | 0.8641009 | 0.7500000 | -0.9977885 |
4 | -0.41446080, -0.03089549, 1.42896914, 1.42896914, 2.20108267, 1.42896914, 0.21296796, 1.49176136, -0.57370256, 0.88807227, 0.98585835 | right | right | 1 | 1.6384660 | 0.6428571 | 0.9858584 |
5 | 1.6889577, 1.8963487, 0.5086753 | right | right | 1 | 0.6274639 | 0.8333333 | 0.5086753 |
6 | 0.30462902, 1.41494998, 0.03257175 | right | right | 1 | 0.4416011 | 0.8333333 | 0.0325717 |
7 | -0.32957081, -0.16841672, 0.04310975, 0.48995349, 0.11556503, 0.16657204, 0.70833944 | right | right | 1 | 1.4056088 | 0.7000000 | 0.7083394 |
8 | 0.4987224, 0.5140892, 0.8615744 | right | right | 1 | 0.9689298 | 0.8333333 | 0.8615744 |
9 | 0.8615744, -0.5686874, -0.3232613, -1.6409327, -1.1384310, -1.1384310, -0.8294954 | left | left | 1 | 1.0342848 | 0.7000000 | -0.8294954 |
10 | -0.8531594, -1.2648573, -1.2744982 | left | left | 1 | 1.1686782 | 0.8333333 | -1.2744982 |